Wednesday, May 29, 2013

過敏症患者

在日常生活中,過敏症其實已經周旋於你與我之間。在氣溫和季節性的氣候轉變時,你會有流鼻水、痕癢、打噴嚏,又或是吃完某種食物後,皮膚出現紅腫和痕癢,便證明了你可能患上過敏症。

過敏症是最常見的長期病患,當中包括鼻敏感、皮膚濕疹、哮喘、食物敏感、昆蟲敏感等等,一些平日時常接觸的東西,亦有可能會令你患上過敏症。


免疫反應
過敏症發生的原因是因為身體對本來無害的物質產生不正常的免疫反應。

免疫系統的主要功能是辨別有害和無害的物質,並對所有身體以外的物質作出反應。當有害物質如細菌和病毒入侵及破壞身體的組織時,身體便會發出危險訊息,使免疫系統即時辨認及記錄此物質,並於再次接觸時產生免疫反應。

另一方面,在接觸非病毒或細菌性的物質如花粉、塵蟎和食物時,由於它們沒有破壞身體組織,免疫系統在沒有危險訊息的情況便產生忍耐反應(即不會造成任何症狀),即使再次接觸時亦是沒有異樣。

因免疫系統誤認無害物質為有害,如某類食物、塵蟎,花粉等而產生活躍性的免疫反應時,便是過敏性反應。



參考資料: www.allergy.hk

以上所提供的資訊僅作為教育及參用途,如果你有任何醫療問題,應向自己的過敏病科醫生查詢,而不應單倚賴以上提供的資料。

Tuesday, May 21, 2013

“無菌”空間 害寶寶過敏?




10年前SARS襲港,奪去近300人性命,全城立即提高衛生意識。回望今天,不少市民依舊架起「病毒雷達」,在公眾場合遇上有人打噴嚏或咳嗽,會本能地掩着口鼻彈開數丈遠。很多爸媽更替寶寶築起「全天候保護罩」,消毒搓手液、口罩、濕紙巾像隨身法寶,避免孩子受病毒入侵。

可是,再多的保護,也不能保證孩子百毒不侵,究竟是爸媽保護孩子不力?還是病毒變得愈來愈窮兇極惡?


醫學界中有一「衛生假說」(hygiene hypothesis),我們身體內的免疫系統本來要負責防禦病毒或細菌的入侵,可是現世代的孩子成長環境愈來愈清潔,他們沒有太多機會接觸外來的細菌或病毒,免疫系統發揮不了保衛的作用,反而誤將馮京當馬涼,向外來的沒害物質進攻,引發過敏。



錯攻無害物質
根據香港過敏協會的資料顯示,香港的過敏症流行病率和其他發達國家一樣,鼻敏感、濕疹、食物過敏和哮喘的病患率都在上升。難道爸媽為孩子阻擋病毒徒勞無功,甚至增加孩子
患上過敏症的風險?

香港醫學會會長、兒科專科醫生謝鴻興表示,根據統計及觀察所見,愈來愈多小朋友出現敏感症,尤其是在已發展國家,病例遠多於發展中國家,在同一地區,居於城市與鄉村的孩子比較,前者病例亦較多。


香港過敏協會顧問、免疫及過敏病科專科鄔揚源醫生指出,過敏是人體免疫系統對無害外來物質所產生的不正常反應、炎症,就好像類風濕性關節炎是一種自體免疫疾病,患者的免疫系統攻擊身體內的組織及器官。

他解釋免疫系統的功能是對抗外來病毒、細菌,過去衛生環境較差,人體內易長有寄生蟲及細菌,而免疫系統就是要抑制寄生蟲和細菌,不過當衛生環境日漸改善,人體接觸到外來的細菌、病毒和寄生蟲亦減少,免疫系統就會對一些本來無害的致敏原,如蛋白、花生、塵蟎、花粉、小麥、黃豆、昆蟲、水產海鮮等出現過敏。他舉例說從前日本很多人患有肺結核傳染病,後來民眾逐漸關注個人及環境衛生,至70、80年代,日本人染病的比率才大幅減少,但與此同時,患有過敏症的人士較昔日多。




進食吞口水 細菌即落肚
可見極度衛生的環境未必對孩子的健康最有利,有可能誘發各種過敏症。再者,家長亦沒可能為孩子打造無菌環境。謝鴻興指出,「剛初生的嬰兒一出生時,腸道處於無菌狀態,但只要他一進食,甚至吞一啖口水,已經吃了一些細菌下肚。不過,這些菌不一定有害,也可以是益菌」。他又指人體身上存在很多細菌,病毒、細菌可說是無處不在。


多菌環境非壞事

鄔揚源表示,香港人煙稠密,又處於傳染病高危的亞熱帶地區,人們難避免接觸病毒。孩子處於多細菌、病毒的環境中其實並非壞事,因為根據資料顯示,香港出現過敏症的比率,在全球排名屬中間位置,遠低於英、澳等已發展國家。








以上所提供的資訊僅作為教育及參考用途,如果你有任何醫療問題,應向自己的過敏病科醫生查詢,而不應單倚賴以上提供的資料。資料來源: 明報


Monday, May 20, 2013

哮喘慎防食物過敏 打孖嚟



本港約一成四人口,即逾百萬人有過敏症,每年因嚴重過敏反應須入院個案中,多達一半屬食物過敏,例如海鮮、花生引致。食物過敏與哮喘如「孖生」般常伴隨出現,有兒科醫生指出,食物過敏可令哮喘病惡化或致命。外國研究顯示,同時對雞蛋過敏及患濕疹人士,誘發哮喘的機會率高五至六倍。醫生提醒,加強運動可減低誘發哮喘機會,但要留意本身有否食物過敏。有印度裔病人連經常進食的咖喱、黃薑都可能過敏,醫生建議暫停吃相關食物以驗證。


香港哮喘會榮譽顧問、兒科專科醫生何學工引述美國多項研究指,食物過敏及哮喘病發時,會出現類似呼吸道徵狀,輕則鼻塞、流鼻水,重則咳嗽或喘鳴。美國一年有一百五十人因食物過敏失救而死,死者絕大部分為八至廿五歲,本身同患哮喘。有文獻指出,哮喘患者每十次病發,便有一次可能由食物過敏引起。對雞蛋過敏、患濕疹者,誘發哮喘的機會較高。



每年五十至七十宗過敏入院

「食物過敏係哮喘病發嘅壞因子,有人細個有食物過敏或濕疹,大咗變成哮喘。」
何學工指出,本港每年平均有五十至七十宗因不同過敏反應須送院,一半為食物過敏。一成個案情況嚴重需深切治療,並有上升趨勢。他分析,本港每百宗因急性過敏反應入院的兒童個案中,一成需注射腎上腺素救命;三分一兒童有喘息等呼吸徵狀。最常引致過敏的食物,排首位是貝殼、海鮮,其次為牛奶、雞蛋及花生。


哮喘會執委、內科及老人科醫生黃慕蓮表示,本港缺乏足夠人手做過敏評估,公立醫院並無提供食物過敏測試,市民只能於私家做測試。


有病人長吃致敏食物不自知
曾有三十多歲印度裔男病人患嚴重哮喘求診,須處方口服類固醇。她懷疑病人可能對食物過敏,建議病人暫停吃咖喱、黃薑及番茄醬兩個月,不排除病人對常吃食物過敏而不自知。

五月七日為世界關懷哮喘日,何學工稱,歐美已逐步引入脫敏治療,阻截食物過敏、鼻敏感等誘發哮喘。空氣污染、花粉、塵蟎及動物毛髮均可誘發哮喘,過敏症人士應多做運動及注意家居衞生,減低病發機會。







以上所提供的資訊僅作為教育及參考用途,如果你有任何醫療問題,應向自己的過敏病科醫生查詢,而不應單倚賴以上提供的資料。資料來源: orientaldaily.on.cc/

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

嬰兒牛奶過敏引致濕疹






Alfred在出世的首三個月用母乳餵哺,約在兩個月大時開始出現濕疹症狀轉用奶粉後,濕疹情況惡化,到了六個月大時,他的濕疹蔓延至面部、身體、手腳部位痕癢的濕疹更影響他的情緒,幸好尚未開始進食固體食物,比較容易處理病情。

Alfred可轉用低敏奶粉,排除對牛奶過敏的問題,然後再教導他的父母如何護理他的皮膚,通常會在兩星期內便可痊癒。

不過,當Alfred開始進食固體食物,因他已經對牛奶過敏,最好先試每種新食物兩至三日,觀察他的皮膚情況有否轉變如情況惡化,便須立刻停食此種食物,然後做測試確定。待一至二年後再次進行測試,觀察他對牛奶過敏是否已經消失,如是便可再嘗試飲奶。較容易引起過敏的食物有花生、雞蛋、其他果仁和貝殼類等。





參考資料:《了解過敏症》

以上所提供的資訊僅作為教育及參用途,如果你有任何醫療問題,應向自己的過敏病科醫生查詢,而不應單倚賴以上提供的資料。

Monday, May 13, 2013

診斷食物過敏







皮膚點刺測試特定IgE血液測試常用於診斷食物過敏。但是,若在兩種測試中出現陽性反應,也不代表病人對那類食物敏感。原因是病人的皮膚或驗血檢測中出現陽性反應,但可能身體內部產生一種名為耐受性的免疫反應,來壓制食物過敏的情況。故患有食物過敏的兒童,長大時產生耐受性免疫反應, 但數年內仍會得出陽性檢測結果。

另一方面, 皮膚點刺測試 (Skin Prick Test) 或驗血測試出現陰性結果則能確實排除患有立刻性類型的食物過敏;所以,當過敏病專科醫生懷疑病人的皮膚或驗血測試結果不正確,或當患者可能已經排除其食物過敏時,便會使用食物口服測試來證實病人是否對某種食物真正過敏。

開放式口服測試是透過緊密的醫療監督下,簡單地給病人作漸進式的餵食,但是有不少病人會在心理壓力的影響下,使測試結果出現偏差。所以把食物掩藏在一個載體內(如蘋果醬),會給予患者作單方面矇蔽(試驗者被矇蔽對試驗品的資料)或雙重被矇蔽(觀察員和試驗者皆被矇蔽)的方式與單純載體交替使用,排除心理影響。








參考資料: www.allergy.hk
以上所提供的資訊僅作為教育及參用途,如果你有任何醫療問題,
應向自己的
過敏病科醫生查詢,而不應單倚賴以上提供的資料。

Thursday, May 9, 2013

How does health literacy affect health in adults with asthma?



Low health literacy is common, especially among those with low socioeconomic status, the elderly, and those whose primary language is not English, reflecting limited educational opportunities. The severity and complexity of asthma tends to be high in these same patients. One theory explaining poor asthma outcomes among disadvantaged patients is that health literacy affects their ability to manage one or more health problems like asthma.

In this study, published in The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (JACI), Apter et al examine how health literacy is related to asthma self-management. Patients with moderate-severe asthma were recruited from clinics serving low-income urban neighborhoods. Health literacy was measured by a standard test of reading and understanding medical information (print literacy) and a test of numerical concepts needed for patient to manage asthma (numeracy). Then participants’ subsequent management of medications, measured as electronically recorded use of inhaled steroid medication, and asthma status were assessed prospectively for 26 weeks. Two hundred eighty-four patients participated in the study. The average age was 48, most were female, most were African American, and baseline measurement of lung function (FEV1) showed moderately severe asthma. Almost one third had been hospitalized and more than half had required an Emergency Department visit for asthma in the previous year. Most patients had adequate reading scores and answered between 2 and 3 out of 4 numeracy questions correctly. On average patients took about 66% of prescribed inhaled steroid doses during the study.

Higher health literacy scores, whether measured as numeracy or print literacy, were associated with better adherence to prescribed medication, fewer symptoms, and better quality of life from asthma when controlling for age and sex. These associations were diminished somewhat when adjusting for race/ethnicity that was highly correlated with household income and educational status. That is, the effect of minority status which was associated with poorer outcomes could not be separated from the effect of poverty and limited educational opportunities on asthma outcomes.

This study shows the relationship between literacy and health is complex and supports the importance of considering health literacy when clinicians communicate with patients. Finding ways to account for and address the literacy needs of patients may improve asthma outcomes. In the long-term addressing poverty and educational opportunities is essential for better health.















Reference information: www.aaaai.org/

The information aims to provide educational purpose only. Anyone reading it should consult physician before considering treatment and should not rely on the information above.


Monday, May 6, 2013

Pet-specific IgG4 levels and the likelihood of symptomatic pet allergy







An increase in allergen-specific IgG4 (sIgG4) level often accompanies successful allergen immunotherapy. Studies have also suggested that chronic exposure to some allergens may lead to increased sIgG4 that may function as “blocking antibodies” and signal a degree of clinical tolerance.


In a recent study published in The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, Burnett and colleagues report on data from 500 teenage participants in a longitudinal birth cohort and describe the association of dog and cat specific IgE (sIgE), sIgG4, and the ratios of sIgG4/sIgE antibodies to self-reported symptoms when in contact with pets. Serum levels of the pet-specific antibodies were compared between symptomatic and asymptomatic teens.

Compared to asymptomatic participants, those symptomatic upon cat exposure had higher cat sIgE, sIgG4, and lower ratios of sIgG4/sIgE. Those symptomatic after dog exposure had higher dog sIgE and lower ratios of sIgG4/sIgE, but similar levels of sIgG4 compared to asymptomatic participants. Higher cat and dog sIgG4/sIgE ratios were associated with a lower likelihood of reporting allergic symptoms. However, measurement of sIgG4 appeared to add little to the current clinical practice of using sIgE alone to determine the likelihood of clinical allergic responses when in contact with pets.

Based on these data, the authors do not recommend the routine measurement of sIgG4 as a useful supplementary test to sIgE during the diagnostic evaluation of potential pet allergy.











Reference information: www.aaaai.org/ , www.allergy.hk 

The information aims to provide educational purpose only. Anyone reading it should consult physician before considering treatment and should not rely on the information above.